This is another area where both Carbon and Catalysis can impart significant advances. New catalysts and materials are being developed for more sustainable technologies, such as solar fuels and chemicals (photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and photocatalytic synthesis of fine chemicals), electrochemical devices for energy conversion and storage (fuel cells, electrolysers and supercapacitors), and biomass conversion into platform chemicals and biofuels.